Adicionar o seu sítio de notícias favorito

calibre has a powerful, flexible and easy-to-use framework for downloading news from the Internet and converting it into an e-book. The following will show you, by means of examples, how to get news from various websites.

Para compreender como usar a Framework, seguir os exemplos na ordem listada abaixo:

Descarregamento totalmente automático.

Se a sua fonte de notícias é bastante simples, calibre pode muito bem ser capaz de buscá-la por completo automaticamente, tudo que você precisa fazer é fornecer a URL. calibre reúne todas as informações necessárias para baixar uma fonte de notícias em um recipe. Para dizer ao calibre sobre uma fonte de notícias, você tem que criar um recipe para ele. Vamos ver alguns exemplos:

O blogue do Calibre

The calibre blog is a blog of posts that describe many useful calibre features in a simple and accessible way for new calibre users. In order to download this blog into an e-book, we rely on the RSS feed of the blog:

http://blog.calibre-ebook.com/feeds/posts/default

I got the RSS URL by looking under «Subscribe to» at the bottom of the blog page and choosing Posts → Atom. To make calibre download the feeds and convert them into an e-book, you should right click the Fetch news button and then the Add a custom news source menu item and then the New Recipe button. A dialog similar to that shown below should open up.

_images/custom_news.png

First enter Calibre Blog into the Recipe title field. This will be the title of the e-book that will be created from the articles in the above feeds.

The next two fields (Oldest article and Max. number of articles) allow you some control over how many articles should be downloaded from each feed, and they are pretty self explanatory.

To add the feeds to the recipe, enter the feed title and the feed URL and click the Add feed button. Once you have added the feed, simply click the Save button and you’re done! Close the dialog.

To test your new recipe, click the Fetch news button and in the Custom news sources sub-menu click calibre Blog. After a couple of minutes, the newly downloaded e-book of blog posts will appear in the main library view (if you have your reader connected, it will be put onto the reader instead of into the library). Select it and hit the View button to read!

The reason this worked so well, with so little effort is that the blog provides full-content RSS feeds, i.e., the article content is embedded in the feed itself. For most news sources that provide news in this fashion, with full-content feeds, you don’t need any more effort to convert them to e-books. Now we will look at a news source that does not provide full content feeds. In such feeds, the full article is a webpage and the feed only contains a link to the webpage with a short summary of the article.

bbc.co.uk

Vamos tentar os dois sinais seguintes a partir de The BBC:

Follow the procedure outlined in O blogue do Calibre above to create a recipe for The BBC (using the feeds above). Looking at the downloaded e-book, we see that calibre has done a creditable job of extracting only the content you care about from each article’s webpage. However, the extraction process is not perfect. Sometimes it leaves in undesirable content like menus and navigation aids or it removes content that should have been left alone, like article headings. In order, to have perfect content extraction, we will need to customize the fetch process, as described in the next section.

Personalizar o processo de obtenção

Quando você quer aperfeiçoar o processo de baixar, ou baixar conteúdo de um complexo website particular, você pode aproveitar-se de todo o poder e flexibilidade do recipe framework. Afim de fazer isso, no diálogo Add custom news sources, simplesmente clique no botão Switch to Advanced mode.

The easiest and often most productive customization is to use the print version of the online articles. The print version typically has much less cruft and translates much more smoothly to an e-book. Let’s try to use the print version of the articles from The BBC.

Utilizar a versão impressa da bbc.co.uk

The first step is to look at the e-book we downloaded previously from bbc.co.uk. At the end of each article, in the e-book is a little blurb telling you where the article was downloaded from. Copy and paste that URL into a browser. Now on the article webpage look for a link that points to the «Printable version». Click it to see the print version of the article. It looks much neater! Now compare the two URLs. For me they were:

Portanto, parece que para obter a versão impressa, precisamos prefixar cada URL de artigo com:

newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/

Now in the Advanced mode of the Custom news sources dialog, you should see something like (remember to select The BBC recipe before switching to advanced mode):

_images/bbc_advanced.png

You can see that the fields from the Basic mode have been translated to Python code in a straightforward manner. We need to add instructions to this recipe to use the print version of the articles. All that’s needed is to add the following two lines:

def print_version(self, url):
    return url.replace('https://', 'https://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/')

This is Python, so indentation is important. After you’ve added the lines, it should look like:

_images/bbc_altered.png

In the above, def print_version(self, url) defines a method that is called by calibre for every article. url is the URL of the original article. What print_version does is take that url and replace it with the new URL that points to the print version of the article. To learn about Python see the tutorial.

Now, click the Add/update recipe button and your changes will be saved. Re-download the e-book. You should have a much improved e-book. One of the problems with the new version is that the fonts on the print version webpage are too small. This is automatically fixed when converting to an e-book, but even after the fixing process, the font size of the menus and navigation bar become too large relative to the article text. To fix this, we will do some more customization, in the next section.

Substituir estilos de artigo

Na seção anterior vimos que o tamanho da fonte para artigos da versão impressa do The BBC era muito pequeno. Na maioria dos sítios Web, incluído The BBC, este tamanho da fonte é definido por meio de folhas de estilo CSS. Podemos desativar a obtenção de tais folhas de estilo adicionando a linha:

no_stylesheets = True

A receita tem agora esta aparência:

_images/bbc_altered1.png

A nova versão parece muito boa. Se é um perfecionista vai querer ler a próxima secção, que trata especificamente como modificar o conteúdo descarregado.

Fatiar e cortar em secções

calibre contains very powerful and flexible abilities when it comes to manipulating downloaded content. To show off a couple of these, let’s look at our old friend the The BBC recipe again. Looking at the source code (HTML) of a couple of articles (print version), we see that they have a footer that contains no useful information, contained in

<div class="footer">
...
</div>

Isto pode ser removido adicionando:

remove_tags    = [dict(name='div', attrs={'class':'footer'})]

to the recipe. Finally, lets replace some of the CSS that we disabled earlier, with our own CSS that is suitable for conversion to an e-book:

extra_css      = '.headline {font-size: x-large;} \n .fact { padding-top: 10pt  }'

With these additions, our recipe has become «production quality».

This recipe explores only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the power of calibre. To explore more of the abilities of calibre we’ll examine a more complex real life example in the next section.

Exemplo real

A reasonably complex real life example that exposes more of the API of BasicNewsRecipe is the recipe for The New York Times

import string, re
from calibre import strftime
from calibre.web.feeds.recipes import BasicNewsRecipe
from calibre.ebooks.BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup

class NYTimes(BasicNewsRecipe):

    title       = 'The New York Times'
    __author__  = 'Kovid Goyal'
    description = 'Daily news from the New York Times'
    timefmt = ' [%a, %d %b, %Y]'
    needs_subscription = True
    remove_tags_before = dict(id='article')
    remove_tags_after  = dict(id='article')
    remove_tags = [dict(attrs={'class':['articleTools', 'post-tools', 'side_tool', 'nextArticleLink clearfix']}),
                dict(id=['footer', 'toolsRight', 'articleInline', 'navigation', 'archive', 'side_search', 'blog_sidebar', 'side_tool', 'side_index']),
                dict(name=['script', 'noscript', 'style'])]
    encoding = 'cp1252'
    no_stylesheets = True
    extra_css = 'h1 {font: sans-serif large;}\n.byline {font:monospace;}'

    def get_browser(self):
        br = BasicNewsRecipe.get_browser(self)
        if self.username is not None and self.password is not None:
            br.open('https://www.nytimes.com/auth/login')
            br.select_form(name='login')
            br['USERID']   = self.username
            br['PASSWORD'] = self.password
            br.submit()
        return br

    def parse_index(self):
        soup = self.index_to_soup('https://www.nytimes.com/pages/todayspaper/index.html')

        def feed_title(div):
            return ''.join(div.findAll(text=True, recursive=False)).strip()

        articles = {}
        key = None
        ans = []
        for div in soup.findAll(True,
             attrs={'class':['section-headline', 'story', 'story headline']}):

             if ''.join(div['class']) == 'section-headline':
                 key = string.capwords(feed_title(div))
                 articles[key] = []
                 ans.append(key)

             elif ''.join(div['class']) in ['story', 'story headline']:
                 a = div.find('a', href=True)
                 if not a:
                     continue
                 url = re.sub(r'\?.*', '', a['href'])
                 url += '?pagewanted=all'
                 title = self.tag_to_string(a, use_alt=True).strip()
                 description = ''
                 pubdate = strftime('%a, %d %b')
                 summary = div.find(True, attrs={'class':'summary'})
                 if summary:
                     description = self.tag_to_string(summary, use_alt=False)

                 feed = key if key is not None else 'Uncategorized'
                 if feed not in articles:
                     articles[feed] = []
                 if not 'podcasts' in url:
                     articles[feed].append(
                               dict(title=title, url=url, date=pubdate,
                                    description=description,
                                    content=''))
        ans = self.sort_index_by(ans, {'The Front Page':-1, 'Dining In, Dining Out':1, 'Obituaries':2})
        ans = [(key, articles[key]) for key in ans if key in articles]
        return ans

    def preprocess_html(self, soup):
        refresh = soup.find('meta', {'http-equiv':'refresh'})
        if refresh is None:
            return soup
        content = refresh.get('content').partition('=')[2]
        raw = self.browser.open('https://www.nytimes.com'+content).read()
        return BeautifulSoup(raw.decode('cp1252', 'replace'))

We see several new features in this recipe. First, we have:

timefmt = ' [%a, %d %b, %Y]'

This sets the displayed time on the front page of the created e-book to be in the format, Day, Day_Number Month, Year. See timefmt.

Then we see a group of directives to cleanup the downloaded HTML:

remove_tags_before = dict(name='h1')
remove_tags_after  = dict(id='footer')
remove_tags = ...

These remove everything before the first <h1> tag and everything after the first tag whose id is footer. See remove_tags, remove_tags_before, remove_tags_after.

A próxima característica interessante é:

needs_subscription = True
...
def get_browser(self):
    ...

needs_subscription = True tells calibre that this recipe needs a username and password in order to access the content. This causes, calibre to ask for a username and password whenever you try to use this recipe. The code in calibre.web.feeds.news.BasicNewsRecipe.get_browser() actually does the login into the NYT website. Once logged in, calibre will use the same, logged in, browser instance to fetch all content. See mechanize to understand the code in get_browser.

The next new feature is the calibre.web.feeds.news.BasicNewsRecipe.parse_index() method. Its job is to go to https://www.nytimes.com/pages/todayspaper/index.html and fetch the list of articles that appear in todays paper. While more complex than simply using RSS, the recipe creates an e-book that corresponds very closely to the days paper. parse_index makes heavy use of BeautifulSoup to parse the daily paper webpage. You can also use other, more modern parsers if you dislike BeautifulSoup. calibre comes with lxml and html5lib, which are the recommended parsers. To use them, replace the call to index_to_soup() with the following:

raw = self.index_to_soup(url, raw=True)
# For html5lib
import html5lib
root = html5lib.parse(raw, namespaceHTMLElements=False, treebuilder='lxml')
# For the lxml html 4 parser
from lxml import html
root = html.fromstring(raw)

The final new feature is the calibre.web.feeds.news.BasicNewsRecipe.preprocess_html() method. It can be used to perform arbitrary transformations on every downloaded HTML page. Here it is used to bypass the ads that the nytimes shows you before each article.

Dicas para criar novas receitas

The best way to develop new recipes is to use the command line interface. Create the recipe using your favorite Python editor and save it to a file say myrecipe.recipe. The .recipe extension is required. You can download content using this recipe with the command:

ebook-convert myrecipe.recipe .epub --test -vv --debug-pipeline debug

The command ebook-convert will download all the webpages and save them to the EPUB file myrecipe.epub. The -vv option makes ebook-convert spit out a lot of information about what it is doing. The ebook-convert-recipe-input --test option makes it download only a couple of articles from at most two feeds. In addition, ebook-convert will put the downloaded HTML into the debug/input folder, where debug is the folder you specified in the ebook-convert --debug-pipeline option.

Once the download is complete, you can look at the downloaded HTML by opening the file debug/input/index.html in a browser. Once you’re satisfied that the download and preprocessing is happening correctly, you can generate e-books in different formats as shown below:

ebook-convert myrecipe.recipe myrecipe.epub
ebook-convert myrecipe.recipe myrecipe.mobi
...

Se está satisfeito com a sua receita, e se acredita que há procura suficiente para justificar a sua inclusão no conjunto de receitas predefinidas, publique a sua receita no fórum de receitas do Calibre para a partilhar com outros utilizadores do Calibre.

Nota

No macOS, as ferramentas de linha de comando estão dentro do pacote do Calibre. Por exemplo, se instalou o Calibre em /Applications as ferramentas de linha de comando estão em /Applications/calibre.app/Contents/MacOS/.

Veja também

ebook-convert

The command line interface for all e-book conversion.

Leituras de aprofundamento

Para saber mais sobre a escrita avançada de receitas, usando algumas das soluções disponíveis em «BasicNewsRecipe», deve consultar as seguintes fontes:

API documentation

Documentação da classe «BasicNewsRecipe» e todos os seus métodos e campos importantes.

BasicNewsRecipe

O código fonte do «BasicNewsRecipe»

Built-in recipes

The source code for the built-in recipes that come with calibre

O fórum de receitas do Calibre

Lots of knowledgeable calibre recipe writers hang out here.

Documentação da API